Paper Title
Why Urban Infrastructure PPP Governance Fails: An Examination of the London Underground

Abstract
Urban infrastructure PPP projects are significant in the development of cities, as they leverage government functions while benefiting from private sector investment. This paper examines the management challenges associated with these PPP projects in both China and the United Kingdom, drawing insights from recent studies on governance models, public-private collaboration dynamics, and impact evaluation. In China, PPP projects face unique challenges due to limited public participation and a lack of governance capacity. However, China actively incorporates private sector management within its PPP framework, ensuring that private companies can compete while receiving adequate support from the public sector. The paper highlights the successful implementation of PPP strategies in China and identifies opportunities for further collaboration between private and public entities. In the United Kingdom, PPP projects are influenced by the government's focus on public infrastructure functions, which provides a structured environment for PPPs to operate effectively. This study explores strategies for overcoming common management challenges, such as alignment of governance roles, efficient resource allocation, and fostering innovation within the PPP framework. Key findings include the importance of public-private collaboration in ensuring equitable distribution of resources and the potential for PPP projects to deliver tangible benefits to urban areas. The paper concludes that by leveraging the strengths of both private and public sectors, PPP projects can achieve significant improvements in urban infrastructure development. Keywords - Urban Infrastructure; PPP; London Underground; Governance