Paper Title
ASSESSMENT OF KINEMATIC CHARACTERISTICS FOR STAND-UP PADDLEBOARD MOTOR SKILLS

Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Stand-up paddleboard (SUP) is a new type of water sport, which is becoming popular.However, research on the technical motor skills of SUP is finite. This study aimed to analyze the kinematic characteristics of SUP among elite athletes at a national tournament level using 2D video analysis. METHOD: We recruited nine elite paddleboard athletes. A maximal power sprint test using a living boat test was performed. The angular changes in knee, hip, shoulder, elbow joints, and paddle on both sides of the torso during the maximum power phase of paddling were calculated from 2D videos analysis using Kinovea software. RESULTS: (1) During the catch phase of maximal paddling effort, the average minimum angle of the left shoulder joint while paddling on the left side was smaller than the average minimum angle of the right shoulder joint while paddling on the right side (95.43 ± 15.34° vs. 133.10 ± 12.90°, p = 0.021), showing a significant difference. The average maximum angle of the right elbow joint while paddling on the left side was smaller than the average maximum angle of the left elbow joint while paddling on the right side (164.50 ± 11.36° vs. 173.08 ± 10.86°, p = 0.033). Additionally, the average minimum angle of the paddle blade while paddling on the left side was smaller than that while paddling on the right side (72.34 ± 2.47° vs. 72.92 ± 8.47°, p = 0.044), showing a significant difference. (2) During the power phase, the average minimum angle of the left shoulder joint while paddling on the left side was smaller than the average minimum angle of the right shoulder joint while paddling on the right side (57.76 ± 14.37° vs. 66.87 ± 10.69°, p = 0.038), indicating a significant difference. The average minimum angle of the left hip joint while paddling on the left side was smaller than that of the right hip joint while paddling on the right side (66.70 ± 10.60° vs. 69.47 ± 10.12°, p = 0.008), showing a significant difference. Additionally, the average maximum angle of the right elbow joint while paddling on the left side was smaller than the average maximum angle of the left elbow joint while paddling on the right side (161.13 ± 11.20° vs. 172.70 ± 6.19°, p = 0.038). Furthermore, the average minimum angle of the right elbow joint while paddling on the left side was smaller than the average minimum angle of the left elbow joint while paddling on the right side (142.80 ± 13.09° vs. 149.00 ± 12.83°, p = 0.028), showing a significant difference. (3) During the exit phase, the average maximum angle of the left shoulder joint while paddling on the left side was significantly smaller than that of the right shoulder joint while paddling on the right side (49.67 ± 13.33° vs. 55.99 ± 9.70°, p = 0.038), indicating a significant difference. The average minimum angle of the right shoulder joint while paddling on the left side was smaller than the average minimum angle of the left shoulder joint while paddling on the right side (95.82 ± 12.03° vs. 111.21 ± 10.55°, p = 0.028), showing a significant difference. (4) During the recovery phase, the average minimum angle of the right shoulder joint while paddling on the left side was smaller than the average minimum angle of the left shoulder joint while paddling on the right side (113.66 ± 10.47° vs. 127.42 ± 11.18°, p = 0.021), indicating a significant difference. CONCLUSION: This study might be the first study to analyze the kinematic characteristics of paddle boarders in the power phase of paddling in a living boat test. The angular changes of body joints in the power phase of paddling were identified. These findings could provide a reference for the SUP motor skills learning and development.